Exactly what did Pope Benedict XVI say to provoke such widespread violent reactions from Muslims? He gave an esoteric, philosophical/theological speech to an academic audience about the relationship between faith and reason. The Pope focused on the contribution Greek philosophy has made to theology and touched on important historical developments in understandings of the relationship between Greek and Christian thought.
In short, the speech was a discussion of a fundamental issue in Christian theology. It was not a speech about Islam. That much would be obvious to anyone who's read it (e.g., here), which you can bet few, if any, of the pontiff’s Islamic critics have troubled themselves to do.
Early in his speech, Pope Benedict cites a conversation between the 14th-century Byzantine emperor, Manuel II Palaelogus, and an unnamed educated Persian. The two men held a long series of conversations on a wide range of theological issues, according to Manuel II who wrote them up a few years later. It is important to note that, at the time the emperor committed them to writing, the armies of Islam were besieging his capital Constantinople.
The Pope refers to the seventh conversation in which the emperor raises holy war and the relationship between violence and faith. Here is the allegedly offensive passage in its full context:
[Manuel II] turns to his interlocutor somewhat brusquely with the central question on the relationship between religion and violence in general, in these words: "Show me just what Mohammed brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached". The emperor goes on to explain in detail the reasons why spreading the faith through violence is something unreasonable. Violence is incompatible with the nature of God and the nature of the soul. "God is not pleased by blood, and not acting reasonably is contrary to God’s nature. Faith is born of the soul, not the body. Whoever would lead someone to faith needs the ability to speak well and to reason properly, without violence and threats… To convince a reasonable soul, one does not need a strong arm, or weapons of any kind, or any other means of threatening a person with death…".
The decisive statement in this argument against violent conversion is this: not to act in accordance with reason is contrary to God’s nature. The editor, Theodore Khoury, observes: For the emperor, as a Byzantine shaped by Greek philosophy, this statement is self-evident. But for Muslim teaching, God is absolutely transcendent. His will is not bound up with any of our categories, even that of rationality. Here Khoury quotes a work of the noted French Islamist R. Arnaldez, who points out that Ibn Hazn went so far as to state that God is not bound even by his own word, and that nothing would oblige him to reveal the truth to us. Were it God’s will, we would even have to practise idolatry.
The Muslim understanding of God directly opposes the Christian view that rationality is part of God’s nature and that, therefore, it is contrary to the divine nature not to act in accordance with reason. The Pope immediately provides a succinct statement of the dilemma.
As far as understanding of God and thus the concrete practice of religion is concerned, we find ourselves faced with a dilemma which nowadays challenges us directly. Is the conviction that acting unreasonably contradicts God’s nature merely a Greek idea, or is it always and intrinsically true?
Influenced as it has been by Greek philosophy, Christianity believes that human reason reflects God’s rational nature. Islam does not share this influence; therefore, its view of God is quite different, and this is exemplified by its doctrine of violent jihad.
Given that God’s final revelation is the Logos Jesus Christ, from the perspective of the Christian Church, anything that Mohammed says that is “new”, i.e., contrary to Christ, is misguided. Conversion by violence is so contrary to reason that the Greek-educated, Christian emperor calls it “evil and inhuman”. Islam, on the other hand, regards forced conversion as God’s will.
In context, the Pope cited this conversation to illustrate the argument of his speech. Faith and reason, today as in the past, are often claimed to be incompatible. Is rationality part of God’s being? Does human reason reflect, however imperfectly, that aspect of God’s nature? How can those Christian beliefs about God and man be defended among non-Christians? Can they be defended before Islam?
Based on the violently irrational reactions, the answer to the latter would appear to be no.
If it were not so tragic, it would be comical. The Pope quotes a 14th-century Byzantine emperor saying that Islam promotes a violent teaching that is contrary to reason and therefore contrary to God’s nature. Muslims say the pope is lying about our beliefs causing us deep hurt and profound offense. Then they proceed to go on malacious and destructive rampages against Christian churches and clerics.
This is potentially worse than the Cartoon Jihad. That conflict turned on liberal freedoms of speech and press. The confict this time centres on rationality itself. In both cases, Muslims are agin’ ‘em.
h/t for photo: Relapsed Catholic
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